{"id":106328,"date":"2023-10-24T12:00:23","date_gmt":"2023-10-24T17:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uitac.com\/inthenewsblog\/colombus-day-or-indigenous-peoples-day-a-history-of-indigenous-americans-in-the-united-states\/"},"modified":"2025-11-21T17:23:57","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T17:23:57","slug":"indigenous-peoples-day-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uitac.com\/inthenewsblog\/indigenous-peoples-day-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Colombus Day or Indigenous Peoples&#8217; Day? A History of Indigenous Americans in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2017\/08\/03\/16\/32\/south-dakota-2577147_1280.jpg\" alt=\"A monument of a Native American woman.\" width=\"330\" height=\"413\" \/>Columbus Day is a holiday that aims to celebrate the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus, a Spanish explorer, in many nations within the Americas. Within the U.S., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/today-in-history\/october-12\/#:~:text=The%20first%20recorded%20celebration%20of,300th%20anniversary%20of%20Columbus\\'%20landing.\">the holiday was first celebrated in 1792<\/a> in New York to commemorate the 300<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> anniversary of Columbus\u2019s arrival, but it was not until 1971, nearly 500 years after his arrival to the Americas, that Columbus Day would become a federal holiday in the U.S. However, since the 1990s,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2023\/10\/05\/working-on-columbus-day-or-indigenous-peoples-day-it-depends-on-where-your-job-is\/#:~:text=Although%20the%20federal%20holiday%20on,and%20localities%20around%20the%20country.\"> nonobservance of the holiday has increased throughout the U.S.<\/a>, and 26 states do not recognize Columbus Day at all. Places such as South Dakota, New Mexico, Vermont,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and D.C. have opted instead to recognize the holiday as Indigenous Peoples\u2019 Day. The shift in recognition of the holiday has stemmed from calls from indigenous groups across America, many of whom believe that the holiday celebrates the beginning of a disturbing history between indigenous populations and European colonizers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">After Christopher Columbus\u2019s arrival in what is now the Bahamas, the Spanish utilized his discovery to expand into much of the Americas. <a href=\"https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/motivations-colonization\/\">Motivated by a desire to find riches, establish Spain as a global superpower, and spread the Catholic religion,<\/a> the Spanish stumbled upon various indigenous American peoples during their colonization of the Americas. To continue furthering their goals in the Americas despite conflict with the indigenous people who had lived in America for millennia, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gilderlehrman.org\/history-resources\/spotlight-primary-source\/doctrine-discovery-1493\">the Spanish monarchy and papacy conceptualized our modern idea of<\/a><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0race<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, a <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">socially constructed category of people based on real or perceived physical differences<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">. This new social category was used by Spanish colonizers to justify <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">discrimination<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">or unfair or differential treatment of individuals and groups based on race and ethnicity<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, toward<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> indigenous Americans, treating them as inferior.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2018\/05\/07\/18\/30\/christopher-columbus-3381359_1280.jpg\" alt=\"A statue of Christopher Columbus.\" width=\"377\" height=\"251\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Based on the idea of race the Spanish had constructed, indigenous Americans were subject to innumerable acts of oppression, first by Spanish colonizers and later by English colonization, which began on the northeastern coast of North America in the early 17<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> century. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/eng\/wjdt_665385\/2649_665393\/202203\/t20220302_10647120.html#:~:text=The%20indigenous%20culture%20was%20fundamentally,have%20constituted%20de%20facto%20genocides.\">The number of Indigenous Americans experienced a rapid and steady decline in the centuries after European contact,<\/a> both from the transmission of disease and a deliberate <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">genocide<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">the systematic killing of one group based on differences in race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics. <\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indigenous Americans experienced several <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">direct population transfers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">which is when a dominant group makes a minority population leave a space by force<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, such as the Trail of Tears. Indigenous people experienced <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">segregation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">the separation of groups based on differences such as ethnicity, gender, race, social class, or religion<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, and were forcibly moved to reservations to allow European Americans to exploit their sacred lands.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In the 19<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and 20<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> centuries, <a href=\"https:\/\/mcgrath.nd.edu\/assets\/390540\/expert_guide_on_the_assimilation_removal_and_elimination_of_native_americans.pdf\">a move toward <\/a><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">assimilation<\/span><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, the process in which minority groups lose their distinct cultural characteristics and are absorbed into the dominant group<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, became the favored method of erasing the culture of indigenous Americans, and to do so, residential schools that tore indigenous children from their families and forced them to adopt European American culture sprung up across the nation. <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.uoregon.edu\/adoption\/topics\/IAP.html\">Many indigenous children were also adopted out to white families,<\/a> even if their families had not consented to having their children removed from them. This was supported by <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">institutional discrimination<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">the use of social institutions to deny minority group members access to the benefits of society<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, which allowed indigenous parents to be overlooked for the sake of the adoption of their children by another family.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/images.pexels.com\/photos\/13108293\/pexels-photo-13108293.jpeg?auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;w=1260&amp;h=750&amp;dpr=1\" alt=\"Native American women in traditional cultural dress.\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" \/>After centuries of oppression, discrimination, and a slew of broken treaties, years of indigenous Americans fighting and advocating for their civil rights in the U.S. finally broke some ice in the latter half of the 20<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> century through the passing of laws<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/nativevoices\/timeline\/516.html#:~:text=President%20Lyndon%20Johnson%20calls%20for,rights%20secured%20to%20other%20Americans%20%E2%80%A6\">1968 Indian Civil Rights Act.<\/a> Despite the win of this legal battle, indigenous Americans are still subject to institutional discrimination and <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">prejudice<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span> <i><span data-contrast=\"none\">a preconceived judgment or opinion of other people and races that leads to preferring one kind of person over another. <\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pluralism.org\/issues-for-native-peoples\">Indigenous Americans still face several struggles<\/a> relating to the right to sacred lands, religious freedom, inadequate education, disproportionate and extreme poverty, and the preservation of their cultures and languages. Indigenous culture is often trivialized in manners such as being turned into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/31\/learning\/is-it-offensive-for-sports-teams-and-their-fans-to-use-native-american-names-imagery-and-gestures.html\">sports mascots,<\/a> an example of <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">cultural appropriation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">when members of a majority group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in stereotypical, exploitative, or disrespectful ways<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Indigenous Americans are stereotyped as predisposed to alcoholism, just one of many <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">stereotypes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">generalized opinions and impressions of individuals, groups, or social classes,<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> that indigenous Americans face. Despite this, Indigenous Americans have continued to build organizations dedicated to protecting the rights of their communities and have fought to maintain and build legislation that preserves their people. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/presidential-actions\/2021\/10\/08\/a-proclamation-on-columbus-day-2021\/\">Joe Biden delivered a proclamation<\/a> designating that the second Monday of October would be both Columbus Day and Indigenous Peoples\u2019 Day, heartening news for Indigenous people since the first push for a change of the holiday in 1992. Considering all the struggles Indigenous people have and still face within the U.S., both systemic and individual, many Indigenous people believe that the adaptation of his holiday to celebrate the beauty within their culture and the value they bring to the nation is <a href=\"https:\/\/americanindian.si.edu\/nk360\/informational\/columbus-day-myths\">a step in the right direction<\/a>.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><i>Borlay is a guest blogger at <\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/uitac.com\/\"><span class=\"s2\"><b><i>UITAC Publishing<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/a><b><i>. UITAC\u2019s mission is to provide high-quality, affordable, and socially responsible online course materials.<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Images used in this blog:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Segoe UI\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769242&quot;:[65533,0],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;%1.&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/south-dakota-dignity-dale-lamphere-2577147\/\">Photo<\/a> by <a class=\"userName--owby3\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/pixelpixiestudio-1667362\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PixelPixieStudio\u00a0<\/a>is licensed by <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/service\/license-summary\/\">Pixabay<\/a>. This image has not been altered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Segoe UI\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769242&quot;:[65533,0],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;%1.&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/christopher-columbus-statue-madeira-3381359\/\">Photo<\/a> by <a class=\"userName--owby3\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/andpon-8816241\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AndPon<\/a> is licensed by <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/service\/license-summary\/\">Pixabay<\/a>. This image has not been altered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Segoe UI\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769242&quot;:[65533,0],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;%1.&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/woman-in-an-indian-costume-waving-13108293\/\">Photo<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/@dominique-boulay-61077061\/\">Dominique Boulay<\/a> is licensed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/license\/\">Pexels<\/a>. This image has not been altered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Columbus Day is a holiday that aims to celebrate the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus, a Spanish explorer, in many nations within the Americas. Within the U.S.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":106519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[183,78,185,75,182],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environmental-sociology","category-marriage-and-family","category-population","category-race-and-ethnicity","category-terrorism-and-fear"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Colombus Day or Indigenous Peoples&#039; Day? A History of Indigenous Americans in the United States - In The NEWS Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dive into the history and controversy surrounding Columbus Day, the rise of Indigenous Peoples&#039; Day, and the historical and ongoing sociological impacts on Indigenous Americans.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uitac.com\/inthenewsblog\/indigenous-peoples-day-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Colombus Day or Indigenous Peoples&#039; Day? A History of Indigenous Americans in the United States - In The NEWS Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dive into the history and controversy surrounding Columbus Day, the rise of Indigenous Peoples&#039; Day, and the historical and ongoing sociological impacts on Indigenous Americans.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/uitac.com\/inthenewsblog\/indigenous-peoples-day-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"In The NEWS Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-10-24T17:00:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-21T17:23:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/uitac.com\/inthenewsblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/10\/6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Breann Borlay\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@uitacpublishing\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@uitacpublishing\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Breann Borlay\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uitac.com\\\/inthenewsblog\\\/indigenous-peoples-day-history\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uitac.com\\\/inthenewsblog\\\/indigenous-peoples-day-history\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Breann Borlay\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/uitac.com\\\/inthenewsblog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ff18efa486b6f019e834a5fb42d83b16\"},\"headline\":\"Colombus Day or Indigenous Peoples&#8217; Day? 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